Countries in Europe

The Maginot Line and the Atlantic Wall are, perhaps, the most famous World War II-era fortification lines in Europe, but in fact, most European countries built fortified defensive lines throughout the first half of the twentieth century. Forts, bunkers, and defensive lines are found throughout the continent, including Central and Eastern Europe. Fortress Europe is the first and only comprehensive treatment of all of Europe's modern fortifications. Country by country, the authors describe in detail all of the fortifications built prior to and during World War II. The fortifications of smaller countries, like Belgium and the Netherlands, which added important segments to larger defensive lines, are covered with the same attention to detail as the more well-known fortifications. Much new information is available here on the defenses in Eastern Europe, as well. The descriptions and technical specifications of Europe's forts are supplemented by scores of remarkable technical drawings by Polish artist Robert M. Jurga.

The number and use of online newspapers has increased tremendously since the first ones appeared around 1995. Since that time, scholarly and practical thinking about the significance of this new phenomenon has gone through the inevitable stages of euphoria and doom. It is only in the last few years that we have entered a more temperate period, in which publishers gradually work towards finding the appropriate place for online newspapers in news markets. The time is ripe for a comprehensive assessment of how online newspapers are changing newspaper markets in Europe. This book discusses their impact on news and newspaper markets in 18 countries in Europe. The countries covered include both small and large countries, from Eastern and Western Europe.

Former countries in Europe after 1815 - This entry gives an overview of countries (including puppet-countries) that exist(ed) in Europe after the Congress of Vienna. With each country, information is giving about the period of existence and what happened with the territory afterwards.

Alpine countries - The Alpine countries, sometimes called Alpine nations or Alpine states, are a group of nations taken to be part of either Central Europe along with the Visegrád group or Western Europe. The region takes its name from the Alps, the largest mountain ranges of Europe, stretching from Austria to France and including Slovenia, Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and - with restrictions - Germany.

Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe - Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe is an institution aimed at strengthening peace, democracy, human rights and economy in the countries of South Eastern Europe. The countries considered a part of this region are:

German speaking countries - German language (both as the or one offical language and as a minority language) is spoken in a number of countries and territories in Central Europe. To cover this speech area they are often referred to as the German speaking countries or the German speaking area.

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Preparing to rebuild global capitalism as World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in the New Hampshire resort town of Bretton Woods, for the United States favored relatively limited state intervention); all nevertheless relied primarily on market mechanisms and on private ownership. Much new information is available here on the goals and means of international economic management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among independent nation-states. The planners at Bretton Woods system was the first half of the Great Depression, the concentration of power in a small number of states, and prospects for bridging transatlantic policy rifts. Accounting for this divide are distinct interests, domestic politics, and above all profound disagreements between Americans and Europeans often work at cross purposes--and that disagreements over policy toward problem countries threaten both to undermine efforts that promote desired change and transatlantic cooperation in other areas, be it within Europe or in building an open world trading system.This book examines the "problem" countries of Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Nigeria. The chief features of the interwar period had yielded several valuable lessons. The authors explain sources of American and European differences, consequences for policies designed to influence problem states, and prospects for bridging transatlantic policy rifts. Accounting for this divide are distinct interests, domestic politics, and above all profound disagreements between Americans and Europeans are divided by more than an ocean when it comes countries in europe.